In the realm of historical exploration, the line between archeology and piracy is often blurred, as the story of J. Hugh Hammond, an Orillia local, vividly illustrates. Hammond's journey from a teenage relic collector to one of Ontario's pioneering archaeologists is a fascinating tale that sheds light on the complex relationship between academic study and the controversial practice of grave robbing.
The Early Years: A Teenager's Passion
As a young man in the 1870s, Hammond's enthusiasm for collecting Indian relics was unabashed. He sold axe heads, arrowheads, and trinkets to locals, a practice that might be frowned upon today but was not unusual given his father's questionable moral compass. Even the sale of bones from ancient graves to local doctors for display was, at the time, a common occurrence.
A Shift in Perspective
From our modern perspective, the cavalier attitude towards Indigenous burial grounds is appalling. However, it is essential to understand the context of the time. Hammond, and many others, were products of a different era, where the desecration of graves, though morally questionable, was a common practice. It is a stark reminder of how societal norms and values can evolve over time.
Redemption and a New Calling
As Hammond matured, he seemed to recognize the wrongfulness of his actions. He made a conscious effort to atone for his youthful recklessness and became an advocate for the protection of Indigenous burial sites. This transformation led him to become one of Ontario's earliest archaeologists, a profession that was still in its infancy.
The Emergence of Archeology in Ontario
David Boyle, a bookseller-turned-archaeologist, played a pivotal role in establishing the field of archeology in Ontario. Through intensive study and excavation, Boyle became recognized as a professional expert by his North American peers. He founded a museum, which later became part of the Royal Ontario Museum, and started the first scientific examination of Indigenous history in the province.
Boyle's contributions extended beyond excavation. He published an annual archaeological report, fostering discussion and emphasizing the importance of precise fieldwork and interpretation. He also offered educational courses, which rekindled Hammond's interest in relic hunting but with a scientific approach.
The Partnership of Hunter and Hammond
Andrew Hunter, a respected academic, and Hugh Hammond formed a dynamic duo at the forefront of archaeological research in Ontario. While Hunter was known for his professionalism and meticulousness, Hammond brought a sense of adventure and enthusiasm to the field. Despite his law practice, Hammond's archaeological work often took precedence, and he spent considerable time in the field, mapping and excavating sites with scientific precision.
The Pirate's Persona
Hammond's background and personality traits influenced his approach to archaeology. He came from an entrepreneurial family, and his father's controversial reputation likely shaped his own attitude towards self-service. Finding artifacts was an emotional and exciting endeavor for Hammond, and his teenage pirate persona never fully faded. This enthusiasm, however, was tempered by his rigorous training in scientific methodology.
Ethical Dilemmas and Respect
Hammond's eagerness sometimes led him to cross ethical boundaries. When grave robbing became a criminal offense, he continued his scientific work, resorting to bribery to avoid detection. This conscience-free approach set him apart from his colleagues, who, despite their own controversies, maintained a higher level of respectability.
A Legacy of Collaboration
Despite their differences, Hunter and Hammond's collaboration was instrumental in documenting Indigenous history in north Simcoe County. Together, they meticulously recorded 637 Indigenous sites, a heroic effort that laid the foundation for future research. Their work, along with that of Boyle, helped preserve and protect Indigenous heritage, earning them the respect of Indigenous tribes.
Conclusion: A Reformed Pirate's Legacy
The story of J. Hugh Hammond is a testament to the power of redemption and the transformative nature of scientific study. While his early actions might be considered piratical, his later contributions to archaeology and Indigenous history preservation are undeniable. Hammond's journey serves as a reminder that individuals can evolve and leave a positive impact, even if their past actions were questionable. It is a story that highlights the complex interplay between personal passions, societal norms, and the pursuit of knowledge.
